Early Records – What are the ROLLS? - Part 2

*Emigration Roll of 1817*

Families listed on this portion of this Treaty Roll were expected to voluntarily remove themselves and their families to Arkansas Territory. They were issued a horse, supplies, a rifle, provisions, $270 in gold, and a map for a self guided walking tour to Arkansas Territory, via Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, then cross the Mississippi River at the head waters, and turn south to follow the western bank of the Mississippi until they reached Fort Smith Arkansas.

1740 Cherokee families are listed on this section of the Treaty Roll. Not all of them completed the trip to Arkansas Territory, or else returned to the Old Cherokee Nation after they had arrived in Arkansas. These families were not recounted until the Old Settlers Roll of 1850 in Oklahoma Territory. Only 1466 Cherokee families that had been listed on the Emigration Roll were left in Oklahoma Territory by the time the Old Settlers Roll was taken. Other families had dropped off the trail along the way, bought farms, and ‘passed for white’. Fragments of these families are scattered throughout the Deep South and the Mid West.

One Cherokee leader, Chief John Ross, assembled a large group of followers and migrated to New Spain. They had been promised large land grants by the Mexican government in East Texas to form a Red Wall against further white settlers from America. This group of people later became known as the Texas Cherokees. Their existence was short lived, as Texas revolted against Mexico and tried to drive the Cherokees out of the New Republic.

*Henderson** Roll of 1835* (also known as the *Trail of Tears Roll*)

Some of the Cherokee families that had signed up for the Reservation Roll and the Emigration Roll changed their minds about leaving and stayed in the Old Cherokee Nation, believing in their leaders efforts to secure the Home Land through political efforts. In 1835, the Treaty of New Echota was signed by a handful of local Town Chiefs, which ceded the entire Cherokee Nation to the American government.

2760 Cherokee families, still living in the Old Cherokee Nation in 1835, were listed on the Henderson Roll for immediate removal under the Indian Removal Act. The US Army did not move in to enforce the removal until 1837. Many of the Cherokees listed on this Roll fled the forced removal into Alabama, Western Tennessee, Kentucky, and North Carolina.

Those Cherokee families that fled into other states literally dropped off the federal radar and disappeared into the hills. The government had no mandate to remove the Indians from most of these other states or territories. There were never any Treaties with the Cherokees in these states, so their names do not appear on any Treaty Rolls. This makes them very hard to trace and the only traces that can be found are on the original Treaty Rolls listed above.

The Trail of Tears followed the same Army maps that led them on a land route through Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, across the Mississippi River at the head waters, and turn south to follow the western bank of the Mississippi until they reached Fort Smith Arkansas in New Indian Territory. Approximately 16,000 Cherokees started this march and approximately 4,000 did not complete the trip. Of this 4,000, many died from age, exposure, disease or starvation, and the others simply disappeared to become farmers along the way. By 1900, fragments of these families were scattered throughout the US, in every US State and Possession.

(to be continued)

Early Records – What are the ROLLS? - Part 1

Most early Cherokee records originated from official government documents called “Treaty Rolls”. When the government made a new treaty, they would list the names of the adult members of the community that would be responsible for following the terms of the treaty. There Treaty Rolls, up until about 1850, only listed the names of the Heads of House, not their spouses or their children. If a family consisted of a white parent and an Indian parent, only the Indian parent’s name would be listed. These early Treaty Rolls can be used to determine the origins of many Cherokee family names, even if they left the Old Cherokee Nation and ‘passed for white’ in some other Territory or State.

There are a few other early records maintained by missionaries and churches and the early records of the Tennessee Indian Agency. Some of these documents show births, deaths, marriages, and other family relationships. The Tennessee Indian Agency records only list names of Heads of House that filed claims against losses due to white incursions.

There are several Cherokee genealogy books that were written by Cherokees for Cherokees that follow the bulk of the families in the Old Cherokee Nation, or individual family histories. The most complete of these books is “The History of the Cherokee Indians” written by Emitt Starr, first published in 1900. In this book are listed some 5,000 Cherokees, their spouses, their parents, and their children from about 1700 to 1875, and lists the major first families of the Old Cherokee Nation.

The earliest *Treaty Rolls* of the Old Cherokee Nation are as follows –

*Reservation Roll of 1817*

Families listed on this Roll, under terms of this Treaty, were expected to become American citizens, be ‘issued’ a one square mile tract of land for a personal farm or “Individual Reservation”. The land was not owned by the Cherokee family, but was ‘set aside for their use ‘for life’. At the end of their life, the land was to return to the American government. Individual Reservations were granted in Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina and Alabama.

580 Cherokee families signed up for this Roll. By the time the Individual Reservations were issued in 1820, only 107 families were listed as being issued a reservation ‘For Life’ and 39 families were given a ‘fee simple’ (given title to the land). 23 reservations were in Georgia, the rest were in Tennessee. Listings of the Individual Reservations in North Carolina or Alabama have not been located.

(to be continued)

Welcome to Cherokee By Blood blog

My name is David Vann, and my Indian name is “Iron Head”. I am a ¾ blood Cherokee Indian and my family has been in the Cherokee Nation since at least 1650. My family has been actively involved in Cherokee genealogy since 1905. I am a graduate of California State University, in Northridge and California Institute of Technology (Cal-Tech). I am a retired Nuclear Engineer and keep busy with my interests in Native American archeology, Cherokee history, and Cherokee genealogy. I have applied my professional data harvesting abilities to my Cherokee research.

I am a Cherokee genealogy specialist, a member of the Association of Professional Genealogists, and a member of the Cherokee National Historical Society’s “First Families of the Cherokee Nation”.

In the process of finding my own Cherokee roots, I have collected a large private library covering Cherokee history, customs, tradition, and genealogy. I have spent the past eight years compiling large amounts of Cherokee genealogy data into computer friendly form and assisting other people of Cherokee descent find their roots and Native American ancestors. In 2004, I published “The Five Civilized Tribes – Dawes Roll Applications” in CD form, to assist Cherokee researchers in finding their roots. This CD is being sold internationally to individuals, libraries, and research organizations.

The purpose of this blog is to assist others in how and where to find information on tracing their Cherokee ancestry. I will discuss what the “Rolls” are, when and where they were compiled, and how to use them to help find your family roots. On a ‘one-on-one’ basis, I have helped many people find their ancestors on one or more of the Cherokee Treaty Rolls that were taken from 1817 to 1924.

During this process, I have traced the family trees of nearly every Cherokee family that has been recorded on the official Treaty Rolls since 1817. Since many Cherokees had identical names, I identify them by their approximate year of birth, the name of their spouse, the names of their parents, their siblings, and their children. This forms a ‘family fingerprint’ that is unique to that individual, what I call ‘Forensic Genealogy’.

Many of the official records are incomplete, as the government only listed the Heads of House before 1850. To fill in these gaps, I rely on previously published data from Cherokee genealogy books, Cherokee history books, and old church or missionary records of the period. I also receive copies of rare documents from the US National Archives and from my friends and customers who I have encouraged to find their ancestors, as most Cherokee families are intermarried with other Cherokee families. In most cases, I have been able to trace an individual from a ‘recent’ Treaty Roll in 1900, to a previous Treaty Roll in 1850, and back to earlier Treaty Rolls in 1835 to 1817, thereby completing a comprehensive Family Tree with documented references, because genealogy without documentation is just wishful thinking.

Warning – genealogy can be hazardous to your marriage. Sports widows are only ignored during sports season, but genealogy knows no season.

For information on early Cherokee traditions, legends, culture, religion, information about my published CD, and so on, please visit my web site www.CherokeeByBlood.com which covers how the Cherokees lived long before the first whites arrived.